Swimme (2001) discusses play as being one of the primary qualities and energies of the universe in addition to creativity, allurement and enchantment. Muktananda (1971) talks about the universe as the play of consciousness. In The Cosmic Game, Grof (1998a) discusses cosmic play or lila, and considers the importance of nonordinary states of consciousness, or NOSOCs; Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of flow (1988, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1997) is an example of a type of nonordinary state of consciousness often associated with play, in which people experience enhanced performance and have other “peak experiences.”
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